Monday, October 06, 2008

保健书为何持续热销?

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  保健书为何持续热销?
  健康之惑

  □ 文 记者/张婷
  凤凰周刊2008年第1期 总第278期

  “坚持了一段时间,感觉身体似乎好些了。”北京一家知名杂志社的编辑小
何最近“痴迷”于练习“金鸡独立”、“敲胆经”、“打通小周天”等运动姿势,
她的这些“绝招”均来源于两本畅销中医保健书《人体使用手册》和《求医不如
求己》。在她的影响下,办公室的几位同事也开始跟着练习。大半年时间里,小
何不但给生活在广州的妈妈寄去这两套书,还多次把书当作礼物送给好友,希望
他们也能从中获益。

  像小何这样的读者在中国大有人在,他们的追捧使得这套名为国医健康绝学
系列的书籍在市场上畅销热卖,其中以《求医不如求己》为最,它短期内便推出
了第二本,并连续数周位居当当网等网上书店销售排行榜第一名。该书的封面醒
目地写有“改变中国人健康生态之第一方案”和“奠定中国人健康基石的最终方
案”字样。据了解,这是继2006年台湾人吴清忠写的《人体使用手册》出版之后,
大陆最为热销的保健书籍,《求医不如求己》的作者中里巴人本名郑幅中,是北
京中医协会理事。

  郑幅中与吴清忠在各自的书中均推行经络按摩法,介绍了“敲胆经”、“推
肚子”和“金鸡独立”等养生保健法。这些招式在读者中引起强烈共鸣,使其纷
纷效仿,郑幅中在博客中打趣写道,自从他讲了“金鸡独立” 后,办公室午休
时间,同事们便纷纷练习闭目单腿站立。不但书卖得好,他的博客点击率也很高,
留言咨询人数众多。

  其实,此类坊间脱颖而出的健康明星,近年来层出不穷。他们中有职业医生,
也有久病成医的商人,通常有一些医学知识背景和“头衔”,各自总结出一套养
生保健理论。其中却也不乏一些“怪论 ”,最典型的便是曾红极一时的“地瓜
王子”林光常。4年前,林光常以一本《无毒一身轻》及一套《排毒餐》风靡台
湾,后来又遍布大陆,高踞各大畅销书排行榜,林也频繁亮相电视媒体。2007年
9月,林光常被两位“粉丝”告上法庭,因商业欺诈罪在台湾被起诉求刑7年,后
经台湾媒体揭露,其学历和博士身份均为假冒。

  林光常在医学界内部受到很多医学专家的指责和质疑,但并未影响到小何坚
持练习畅销书“招数”的情绪,也没影响到此类保健书籍的热销,这些书一本接
一本地生产,投入市场巨大的胃口中。

  老百姓渴求健康知识

  “保健类书籍的热销,反映了老百姓对健康知识的渴求。”中日友好医院中
医肿瘤科主任医师李佩文教授一语道出其中奥秘。

  找他求医问诊的病人中,不少人就拿着保健书前来咨询。李佩文告诉记者,
刮痧和经络按摩都来自传统中医的经络学说,对慢性病、亚健康有一定好处,但
不是百病全治,而且每个人的体质不一样,未必都适合同一种方法,能起到同样
效果。他明确指出,这些书中倡导的一些“绝招”值得研究,比如“金鸡独立”
是否真能起到按摩穴位的作用,目前尚无科学依据。

  李教授认为,保健书籍的畅销总体来说宣传了医学科普知识,方便普通百姓
获取知识,是有好处的。但问题是作者将自己的个人主观认识也都写入书中,医
学专业人员可以判断,但老百姓难以甄别。加上病人或者其家属求医心切,书中
写五分,他们会看七八分,盲目吸收扩大,过于迷信疗效,林光常事件便是典型。

  同时,他指出,另一方面,保健书籍热销也反映出目前中国老百姓的基础医
学知识差,全民健康教育不够。如此现状下,健康教育对老百姓的正确引导是当
务之急。

  中国疾病预防控制中心健康教育首席科学家田本淳分析说,早20年,这种情
况绝对不会发生,全民健康问题不会如此突出。而今,老百姓物质生活水平极大
地提高后,就注意到了慢性病的问题,想更健康地生活。据经济发达的美洲和西
欧等地的经验,“慢病”不是社会经济发展的必然产物,是经济富裕了之后,人
们缺乏保健知识形成不良生活方式的恶果。今天的中国老百姓已经认识到,与其
花大量金钱和精力治疗疾病,不如“防患于未然”。诸多保健品的热销就映衬了
百姓对健康消费的物质需求。

  “这个市场现在很不规范,保健书籍的内容也是良莠不齐,鱼龙混杂。近年
来,这个问题越来越突出,需要有一个健康科普委员会来甄别这类书籍、传单和
画册,就其科学性、准确性和可接受性进行认证,就像绿色食品认证一样。这需
要依靠多方面的力量,困难很多,但是今后的发展方向,否则今后难免还会出现
‘林光常事件’。”中国疾病预防控制中心健康教育所副所长田向阳说。

  田向阳从事公共卫生工作多年,他深有感触:从前,中国的公共卫生重点是
防止传染病的发生、传播和流行,保证大灾之后无大疫,可是如今,新的课题却
是消除健康危害因素,“怎样才能保障百姓按健康的方式来生活”。

  李佩文教授感叹说,这些年来,心脑血管病、癌症、糖尿病等慢性病成了常
见病、多发病,也成了人们的主要致死性疾病,不健康的生活方式是其罪魁祸首。

  据调查数字显示,1985年中国人群中慢性病患病率为237‰,1994年已增加
到323‰,每天有约1.3万人死于慢性病,占全部死亡人数的80%以上。如果没有
健康教育,就没有民众自觉的生活干预,今后慢性病及其治疗费用还将显著增长。
田向阳认为现在是大张旗鼓开展健康教育的时候了。

  健康教育谁来做?

  中国健康教育所位于北京安华西里,1986年成立。“健康教育”是个外来词,
虽然上世纪20年代就曾引入中国,但对广大老百姓而言,如今依然是个生词,而
“科普”一词就熟悉得多。很多医生甚至也觉得,健康教育就是医学知识科普。

  田本淳是中国大陆首批送到国外进修健康教育的医学工作者。他强调,健康
教育和科普不能相互取代,健康教育针对的是行为问题。比如吸烟行为,科普会
告诉大家吸烟有害健康,但是很多人,包括医生在内,明知有害健康却依然吸烟。
健康教育不但要告诉大家吸烟的危害,同时要分析人们为何难以戒烟,是什么价
值观在起作用,帮助吸烟人群克服戒烟时的心理障碍。

  “有个比喻很形象,健康教育是健康科普知识与健康行为之间的桥梁。”田
本淳说。他也坦言,20多年过去了,中国大陆的健康教育发展有很大进步,但依
然不尽如人意。这一观点,在采访中得到认同。

  田向阳副所长告诉记者,深入每一个家庭,改变人们几十年的不健康的生活
观念和习惯,非常困难。习惯是慢慢养成的,改变一个习惯需要更长的时间,不
会有立竿见影的效果。开展健康教育工作,不光需要好的政策和历史发展机遇,
而且需要社会各界巨大的人力物力投入,需要国民素质的整体提高。

  田向阳 1990年毕业于同济医科大学健康教育专业,是中国大陆早期学习健
康教育的专业人才。大学期间,他不但要学习临床医学和预防医学课程,还要学
习行为医学、心理学、社会学、美学、传播学和公共关系等人文学科课程。据他
介绍,目前中国大陆的医学院校本科教育尽管还有健康教育相关课程,但已没有
这个专业。大陆 31个省市只有十几个独立的健康教育机构,从事健康教育的专
业技术人员仅600多人,无论是从机构职能上还是从人力资源,都无法满足当前
急需开展健康教育与健康促进工作的需要。

  而据了解,中国台湾从1959年开始就开设了健康教育系,迄今只有2000多万
人口的台湾省就拥有健康教育专业学士1000多人,硕士300多人,博士20多人。

  田向阳认为,这种对比与大陆对健康教育工作的传统认识有关。很多人把健
康教育看作是卫生宣传,有些省级健康教育所的实际职能定位为某医院的宣传科,
好像只要有点知识的人就可以做这一行,忽视了对专业人才的培养,这也成了阻
碍健康教育进一步发展的重要因素。

  还有一种观点认为,最方便做健康教育工作的人是临床医生。田本淳介绍说,
学校教育和医院教育是国外健康教育的两大主要途径,但是在中国很难实现,应
试教育体制问题由来已久,不考试拿分数的课程很难真正受到重视。而在国外,
一个医生一天看几个病人,中国的医生一天看几十个病人,看病还忙不过来,哪
有时间去讲健康教育。不但医生忙,护士同样也很忙。

  “很多时候,现有体制和政策不鼓励医生搞科普,医生行业的晋级、涨工资、
评职称、争进修名额,没有一项是看科普工作干得怎么样的。参加论文评选,
‘参选须知’里会特别标注‘科普论文除外’,写10本科普读物还不及一篇小论
文对医生有用。我写科普文章还有人在背后说我不务正业。”李佩文苦笑着说:
“科研和科普是科学的两翼,少了哪个都不行。可是年轻医生没有几个对这个感
兴趣。倒是保健品的推销员为了推销,最热心做健康教育。”

  据了解,北京市卫生防病工作委员会在2002年曾经印发过一份《北京市示范
社区、示范医院和示范工作场所健康促进工作标准》。在这份标准里,对医院就
有这样的要求:“门诊医生对每个就诊患者应提供35分钟与其所患疾病相关的健
康教育。”然而这一条实际上没有多少医院和医生能做到。

  田向阳认为,很多医院那种以疾病为中心的观念还没有转变过来。其实一个
医生一辈子能看多少病人?如果拿出一定时间做健康教育,会有更多的人从中受
益。“刀片”和“药片”的生物医学模式解决不了心理疾病和慢性病问题。

  产业化道路如何行

  然而具体到效果,健康教育工作却不是每个医生和专业人员都能做好的。李
佩文教授认为,一个好的健康教育者首先应该是一个好的演讲者,必须具有良好
的专业知识、传播学知识和语言技巧。现在专职的健康教育人员的传播方式常常
不能使老百姓接受,如果照搬医学书上的内容,老百姓根本就看不懂,也不爱听。

  林光常在被告上法庭之前,在台湾和大陆的演讲,都有一呼百应之势。他有
自己的口号、形象设计和固定手势,宣称红薯是抗癌第一食物,所到之处,便会
让那个城市的红薯夸张地涨价或者脱销。

  《人体使用手册》一书中总结出“一式三招”等顺口溜,还配上了著名漫画
家郑辛遥的插图漫画。《求医不如求己》文中,郑幅中的语言生动活泼,满篇都
是故事和事例,更有一些容易模仿和记忆的形象比喻,据说他的演讲也极受欢迎。

  此外,还有一位不能不提的“健康教育明星”——洪昭光。洪昭光是安贞医
院的医生,心血管病防治专家,曾出过《登上健康快车》等一系列的健康科普畅
销书。老百姓对他的课评价很高:一听就懂,一懂就用,一用就灵。在讲课现场,
常常会爆发出笑声和掌声。请他讲课的人提前大半年预订,还未必能排上号。他
不但有自己的经纪人,还类似演艺明星有经纪公司。

  曾有人评价说:“一个洪昭光顶得上一个健康教育所。”这个评价在健康教
育系统引起很大反响,对此,中国疾病预防控制中心健康教育所副所长田向阳认
为,作为健康教育事业的专门机构,全国各地的健康教育所做了大量行之有效的
工作,为“洪昭光热”培育了良好的氛围和市场,洪昭光如同一个火花,让大家
看到了这个市场。

  洪昭光之后,各路“健康明星”层出不穷,保健书籍持续热销,反映出这个
市场的巨大需求。有趣的是,当年洪昭光的经纪人陈玉琴的名字在《人体使用手
册》和《求医不如求己》中均有出现。吴清忠在《人体使用手册》目录前的《感
谢》一文中提到,陈的很多宝贵临床经验便是自己学习中医的启蒙经验。而《求
医不如求己》一书《代序》的开始就摘录了吴清忠写给郑幅中的书信,表明郑幅
中是吴清忠在中国最佩服的医家,另一个人便是陈玉琴。记者在采访中,咨询了
多位中医专家和健康教育专家,均未曾听说这位“大陆中医保健专家陈玉琴”。
有的专家对洪昭光的经纪人陈玉琴有印象,“见过她,感觉就是一名普通行政工
作人员”。

  经纪人、经纪公司、商业化盈利模式正是当年很多人非议洪昭光的原因。几
年过去了,目前对于健康教育是否能走产业化道路,专家们依然持保留态度。

  有一种声音认为健康教育是政府责无旁贷的责任,健康教育有市场,可以让
政府来投资,而不应鼓励营利性机构参与,这样才能保证健康教育事业的纯洁性
和对老百姓的公平性。田本淳便持这种态度,他认为,健康教育始终是个公益事
业,如果与经济挂钩,难以控制。如果要走产业化道路,政府应占80%的主流,
有市场行为也可以加入,但不能形成产品。

  他提醒说,追求健康没有快车可乘,遵循自然法则,一日三餐,蔬菜和肉搭
配,营养平衡,注意运动就是很好的日常保健。健康是幸福感的基础,但不要炒
作,即使是科学知识也不要有迷信态度。

  李佩文教授认为健康教育产业正在形成,必须由政府力量来投入。然而,无
论是政府力量,还是民营资本,老百姓都要有分辨能力,而非宣传什么接受什么。

  田向阳也不主张健康教育形成产业,认定这是一项公益事业,但是他并不反
对企业投入民间资本。民间资本开放的领域不仅限于金融、城市基础设施等垄断
行业,还可以是公共事业领域。但重要的前提是,政府要做的是把好准入关,对
这些领域的市场行为加以规范和管理,出台行业性规范。

  “困难不少,但我还是持乐观态度,健康素养的监测和普及将是2008年中国
健康教育工作的重点,会让老百姓有更加权威可信的途径获得保健知识。”田向
阳说。

  其实,除了普及,中国应该把健康教育课程从小学起就列入必修内容。毕竟,
健康是一个国家、一个民族的根本,这是我们想说的。

(XYS20081004)

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